Rechargeable (Secondary) Batteries Specifications

Battery Chemistry


	Rechargeable (Secondary) Battery Chemistry
	Your choices are...
	Nickel-cadmium		Nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd) are best known as the small AA size rechargeable batteries used in children’s toys. One of the most widely used rechargeable batteries. Very dependable but contain cadmium and have relatively low capacity when compared to other rechargeable systems. Very good high rate discharge capabilities make them very popular in high drain applications such as power tools. A more evolved version of the simple nickel-cadmium battery, the vented sintered-plate nickel-cadmium battery is a secondary battery comprised of twenty individual cells.
	Nickel-zinc		Characterized by a high specific energy and power capability, nickel-zinc batteries (Ni-Zn) provide energy for electric vehicle applications, such as small vans and passenger cars.
	Iron Electrode		Today, the nickel-iron battery (NiFe) is the most important commercial rechargeable system using iron electrodes. They are physically almost indestructible. They have a long life, and can withstand electrical abuse (overcharge, overdischarge, short-circuiting, etc.). They are higher cost than lead acid batteries and have a low cell voltage, low power density, and lower energy density than competitive systems. Iron-silver batteries have been used in special electronics applications. The iron-silver oxide batteries have a high energy density and a high cycle life, but they are expensive. Iron / air batteries may be used as motive power systems. They have good energy density and low self-discharge, but they have a low efficiency and poor low temperature performance.
	Silver Oxide		Silver oxide batteries (AgO) are noted for their high energy density and power density. The silver electrode is high cost, and this has limited the use of the silver oxide batteries to applications such as lightweight medical and electronic equipment, submarines, torpedoes, and space applications. The silver-zinc cell has the highest energy per unit weight and volume. Other silver oxide batteries are silver-cadmium and silver-iron.
	Nickel-hydrogen		The sealed nickel hydrogen secondary battery (Ni-H₂) is a hybrid combining battery and fuel-cell technologies. These batteries have a long cycle life (exceeding all other maintenance-free secondary battery systems), high specific energy, high power density, and tolerance for electrical abuse. Applications include mainly the aerospace field, but programs have been started for long-life stand-alone photovoltaic systems.
	Nickel-metal Hydride		Interchangeable with most nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries generally deliver 10-25% greater capacity than NiCds and are more environmentally friendly than NiCds since they do not contain cadmium. Used in many wireless phones and camcorders.
	Rechargeable Zinc / Alkaline / Manganese Dioxide		These are the rechargeable "primary" types. They have a low initial cost, good retention of capacity, and are completely sealed and maintenance-free. However, their useful capacity is only about two-thirds that of the primary cells, they have a limited life cycle, and the available energy decreases rapidly with cycling and depth of discharge.
	Metal / Air		Metal / air batteries have been the recipient of much interest, because of their high energy density, long shelf life, low cost, and environmental soundness.
	Lithium / Manganese Dioxide		The lithium / manganese dioxide system (Li/MnO₂) offers the best balance of performance and safety for consumer replaceable battery applications. They contain liquid organic electrolyte and solid cathode cells.
	Lithium / Titanium Disulfide		The reaction in lithium / titanium disulfide batteries (Li/TiS₂) occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is a solid cathode material. It has a relatively flat discharge and high energy density.
	Lithium / Iron Sulfide		Lithium / iron sulfide batteries (LiFeS_x) are under development for use in electric vehicles. Operating at a temperature range of 375 - 500°C, the lithium / iron sulfide battery possesses high power, works well in many environments, and is safe, but requires a thermal management system to maintain a proper temperature.
	Lithium / Manganese Titanium		Lithium / manganese titanium rechargeable batteries (LiMnTi) are compact rechargeable batteries developed for rechargeable watches, and backup power supplies for pagers and timers. The batteries employ lithium-manganese complex oxide as cathode material, and lithium-titanium oxide the as the anode material. The batteries provide a capacity that is more than 10 times that of capacitors of the same size.
	Lithium / Polymer		The lithium-polymer battery differs from other battery systems in the type of electrolyte used. The original design, which dates back to the 1970s, uses a polymer electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte replaces the traditional porous separator, which is soaked with electrolytes. The dry polymer design offers simplifications with respect to fabrication, ruggedness, safety and thin-profile. There is no danger of flammability because no liquid or gelled electrolyte is used. Theoretically, it is possible to create designs that form part of a protective housing, are in the shape of a mat that can be rolled up, or are even embedded into a carrying case or a piece of clothing.
	Lithium-ion		Also referred to as lithium-carbon. The lithium-ion rechargeable cell (Li-ion) refers to a cell whose negative active material is carbon to which lithium cations are intercalated or deintercalated during the charge-discharge process. Li-ion is one of the newer rechargeable battery technologies. These batteries can deliver 40% more capacity than comparably sized NiCd batteries and are one of the lightest rechargeable batteries available today. Li-ion batteries are the batteries of choice in notebook computers, wireless telephones and many camcorder models. They are also one of the more expensive rechargeable technologies. Lithium / cobalt oxide - The lithium / cobalt oxide cathode battery (LiCoO₂) is very light and has an energy density about three times higher than that of the conventional rechargeable batteries. It is now indispensable for the power source of various portable or mobile IT instruments which need reduction of weight and volume. This lithium ion battery will play a significant role from the viewpoint of the environment, as it is replacing rechargeable batteries, which contain harmful elements such as lead and cadmium. Lithium / nickel oxide - The lithium / nickel oxide positive electrode (LiNiO₂), has a capacity almost 40% over currently mass-produced batteries. Many can withstand about 500 charge cycles. Lithium / manganese oxide - Lithium / manganese oxide batteries (LiMn₂O₄) are characterized by high energy density, high power density, good storage life and discharge performance, they offer a big advantage over alkaline batteries and their cost is modest.
	Lithium-vanadium		Vanadium pentoxide (Li/V₂O₅) is a solid cathode material into which lithium ions are inserted. Discharge plateaus are observed at 3.3 V and 2.4 V. The system is low pressure, so low rate cells do not need to have a safety vent. Vanadium pentoxide is mainly used in reserve batteries but it is likely to be of more importance in rechargeable lithium batteries in the future.
	Specialty Lithium		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary lithium secondary battery.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary secondary battery.
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Battery Cell Size


	Standard Battery Sizes
	Your choices are...
	AAAA		8.4mm diameter, 40.2mm long. ANSI / NEDA 25A.
	AAA		10.5mm diameter, 44.5mm long. IEC LR03, ANSI / NEDA 24A.
	N		11.5mm diameter, 28mm long. IEC LR1, ANSI / NEDA 910A.
	1/3 AA		14.2mm diameter, 17.5mm long.
	2/3 AA		14.2mm diameter, 28.7mm long.
	AA		14.2mm diameter, 50mm long. IEC LR6, ANSI / NEDA 15A.
	1/2 A		14.2mm diameter, 30mm length.
	2/3 A		17mm diameter, 28.5mm long.
	A		17mm diameter, 50mm long.
	4/5 Cs		23mm diameter, 34mm long. 4/5 Cs batteries are sometimes referred to as 4/5 Sub-C.
	Cs		23mm diameter, 43mm long. Cs batteries are sometimes referred to as Sub-C.
	C		26mm diameter, 46mm long. IEC LR14, ANSI / NEDA 14A.
	1/2 D		33mm diameter, 37mm long.
	D		33mm diameter, 58mm long. IEC LR20, ANSI / NEDA 13A.
	9V		48.5mm high, 26.5mm long, 17.5mm wide. IEC 6LR61. ANSI / NEDA 1604A.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary standard battery size.
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	Specialty Cells
	Your choices are...
	Nonstandard Cylindrical Batteries		Any nonstandard battery or cell with a cylindrical shape.
	Battery Packs and Assemblies		Primary or rechargeable batteries packed together with a connector for cellular phones, camcorders, and cordless phones. Also used for PCB level power.
	Coin Cell or Button Cells		There are over forty different sizes of button and coin cells. Often used in devices such as watches and calculators.
	Lantern		Common 6V lantern batteries. ANSI / NEDA 918A, 915A, 908A.
	Prismatic Cells		Prismatic cells have slightly lower energy densities than cylindrical cells and are more expensive to manufacture. The design of their venting systems may cause them to bulge if the battery is not used or charged correctly. In this type of cell construction, the anode and cathode are inserted into a rectangular shaped case, with separators between them. This offers improved flexibility when designing battery packs and better use of space than the cylindrical construction method.
	Sachet Cells		The sachet or "pouch" cell is the latest packaging design to become available on the market. In this construction, the typical hard casing that surrounds the electrodes is replaced by flexible foil packaging, maximizing use of space and reducing weight. The foil pouch can be shaped to fit a specific space, and therefore is frequently custom manufactured for special applications.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary specialty cells.
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Applications



	Your choices are...
	General Purpose		The batteries are manufactured for general-purpose applications.
	Aircraft		Aircraft batteries can be of the lead acid or NiCad type. They are used in several aircraft systems including: emergency power, lighting, and turbine starting. Many have FAA or PMA approval.
	Automotive		Automotive batteries are generally of the lead acid type and are used for starting-lighting-ignition (SLI).
	Camera / Electronic Cells		Batteries for cameras or other common electronic devices.
	Electric Vehicle		The batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) are the secondary-rechargeable-type, and can include, lead acid batteries, nickel-iron, NiCad, NiMH, sodium sulfur, lithium, zinc and aluminum air batteries, and flywheels (nonchemical energy storage). Energy density is a main selection criterion for EV batteries.
	Industrial / Forklift		The industrial / forklift type batteries are deep cycle batteries.
	Laptop Batteries		Laptop batteries are battery packs made specifically for use in laptop or notebook computers.
	Marine / Recreational Vehicle		Marine / recreational vehicle (RV) batteries are of two types: deep cycle marine batteries and starting marine batteries. Both types of marine batteries are manufactured as sealed, maintenance-free types, and flooded plate types.
	Medical Equipment		The battery is designed for use in medical equipment applications including life support, hearing aids, patient lifts, and wheelchairs.
	Implantable Batteries		The battery is designed for use in implantable medical devices such as pacemakers.
	Military / Aerospace		The battery is manufactured for military or aerospace applications, often to MIL-SPEC requirements.
	Oil and Natural Gas Industries		The batteries are manufactured for a specific application in oil or natural gas industries.
	Renewable Energy		These are used where discharging and charging occurs frequently. Solar batteries (Photovoltaic (PV) Batteries) are manufactured as sealed, maintenance-free types and flooded plate types.
	Telecommunications		Telecommunication batteries are manufactured as sealed, maintenance free types. Telecommunication batteries must be on float charge for long periods and deliver high output for short duration.
	Toy / Hobby		The batteries are designed for use in high drain toy and hobby applications.
	Stand-by / UPS Batteries		Stand-by batteries are used in applications such as UPS systems, emergency lighting, alarm systems, and electronic equipment. UPS batteries are manufactured as sealed, maintenance free types. UPS batteries must be on float charge for long periods and deliver high output for short duration.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary application.
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